ISHMAEL BEN YOSE BEN ḤALAFTA
- ISHMAEL BEN YOSE BEN ḤALAFTA
- ISHMAEL BEN YOSE BEN ḤALAFTA (end of the second century
C.E.), tanna. He is not mentioned by name in
the Mishnah (apart from Avot, see below), and most of the
halakhic sayings transmitted by him in the Tosefta are in his father's
name (Tosef. Ter. 4:2, Maas. 1:2, Kel. BK 5:16;
Oho.18:14; Nid. 4:12. Ṭoh. 10:12). He was mentioned as a member of a
bet din (along with R. Eleazar Hakappar and R. Pinhas ben
Yair) who discussed the establishment of halakhot and
takkanot (Tosef., Oho. 18:18). According to the Talmud
Ishmael was the eldest son of Yose b. Ḥalafta (Shab. 118b) and
succeeded him in the leadership of the town of Sepphoris (Er. 86b). The
sources note Ishmael's extensive knowledge of the whole of the Bible
(TJ, ibid.). He was greatly occupied with
civil law and much is related of his exceptional care to maintain his
impartiality and not to allow any suspicion or hint of bribery to attach
to him, so that to him was applied the verse (Isa. 33:15): "That shaketh
his hands from holding of bribes" (Mak. 24a). His great experience as a
judge made him say: "He who shuns the judicial office rids himself of
hatred, robbery, and vain swearing; but he who presumptuously lays down
decisions is foolish, wicked, and of an arrogant spirit." He used to
say: "Judge not alone. For none may judge alone save God" (Avot 4:8).
Ishmael was appointed by the government, against his will, to head the
local police. He is criticized for
not fleeing abroad in order to avoid having to deliver Jews to the
government (BM 83b). According to the Talmud he died
prior to the death of Judah ha-Nasi (Pes. 118b). The great pupils of
Judah, such as Ḥanina b. Ḥama in Ereẓ Israel and rav in
Babylon, transmitted some of his teachings and customs (Kid. 71a; Ber.
27b). One of his aggadic sayings is: "The older scholars grow, the more
wisdom they acquire … but as for the ignorant, the older they become the
more foolish they become" (Shab. 152a).
-BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Hyman, Toledot, S.V.; Epstein, Tanna'im, 181.
(Shmuel Safrai)
Encyclopedia Judaica.
1971.
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